9,10 Originally described as a farnesol-activated receptor interacting with RXR, and accordingly named, FXR was later identified as a receptor that is activated by bile acids ( Figure 1). 8 FXR is highly expressed in liver and intestine 9 and was cloned during a search for new Retinoid X receptor (RXR or NR2B1) heterodimers. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that, on ligand binding by specific molecules and cofactor recruitment, regulate the expression of specific target genes. In this review, we discuss the biology of the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NRIH4), recently identified as a modulator of lipid and glucose homeostasis. Certain ligand-activated nuclear receptors provide promising new targets for this purpose. 6 Given the fact that the metabolic perturbation associated with the metabolic syndrome predisposes to cardiovascular diseases and stroke, 7 novel and more specific therapeutical strategies are urgently needed. 5 The metabolic syndrome has been defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program as a cluster of at least 3 of 5 criteria: insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia. 4 Almost 25% of the adult US population is currently affected, and the situation is even worse in people older than 60 years.
Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).A strong volume performance relationship was not observed for the composite measure of morbidity and mortality in this patient cohort. 009), American Society of Anesthesiology rating ( P =. Important predictors of major morbidity are: age 75 versus 55 ( P =. A forced expiratory volume in 1 second < 60% of predicted was associated with major morbidity ( P =.
Preoperative spirometry was obtained in 923/2315 (40%) of patients. Major morbidity (defined as reoperation for bleeding, anastomotic leak, pneumonia, reintubation, ventilation beyond 48 hours, or death ) occurred in 553 patients (24%). There were 2315 esophagectomies performed by 73 participating centers.
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